The Art of Massage
J. H. Kellogg, M.D.
1895
 
THE GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY, NAMES, NERVE SUPPLY, AND ACTIONS OF THE MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY.
 
 
    Physiology of the Muscles. - The following brief summary of the physiology of the muscles, while, incomplete, will assist somewhat in understanding the relation of these structures, with which massage deals so directly, to other bodily organs:
    1. Muscular action is allied to ciliary and amoeboid movements.
    2. The source of muscular energy is the oxidation of glycogen stored in the muscles.
    3. During work, the amount of oxygen absorbed and the amount of C02 given off by the muscles, is very greatly increased; hence respiratory activity is increased.
    4. Muscular activity is accompanied by the production of heat; the muscles are the principal seat of heat production in the body. The thermic activities of the muscles are dependent, not only upon muscular activity, but also upon nerve control, through the heat-centers of the central nervous system.
    5. Muscular activity is usually excited by nervous impulses received by the muscle at the rate of about ten per second.
    6. The muscle has an independent excitability which induces contraction, as the result, of 'the application of chemical substances, cold, electricity, and mechanical stimulus.
    7. Acids and excessive heat produce stiffening of the muscles.
    8. A single voluntary muscular movement may be made in one sixteenth of a second.
    9. Contraction from electrical stimulation occurs more quickly than from voluntary effort.
    10. With contraction of a muscle, contraction of the opposing muscle occurs simultaneously,
beginning slightly later.
    11. Voluntary contraction is allied to tetanus.
    12. Tetanus is produced by electrical applications in which the current is interrupted at the rate of twenty or more per second.
    13. Muscular contraction is propagated along the muscle at the rate of forty feet per second.
    14. Muscles are most perfect machines. The best steam engine utilizes only one eighth of the force contained in the fuel as work, seven eighths appearing as heat. A muscle produces one fifth work and four fifths heat.
    15. The amount of work a muscle can do is proportioned to its transverse section.
    16. A human muscle is able to lift .125 pounds for each square inch in area of its transverse section.
    17. Muscular strength varies at different periods of life. A new-born infant is able to sustain its own weight for 24 seconds by grasping a stick with its hands.  The strength of adult men and women, in relation to the body weight, is shown in Table I.
    18. The weight of the muscles in proportion to the body weight varies at different ages, being 23.40 per cent of the body weight of a new-born babe, and 43.10 per cent of the body weight in adults.
    19. The amount of work done by a laboring man in eight hours is about two million foot-pounds.
    20. Fatigue is the result of the accumulation, within the muscle, of the poisonous products of work; the muscle is rested when these products are removed.
 
NAME
NERVE
ACTION
Head and Face
   
Occipito-frontalis Posterior auricular, small occipital, facial  Moves scalp and wrinkles forehead
Attollens aurem Occipitalis minor Raises ear
Attrahens aurem Facial Advances ear
Retrahens aurem Posterior auricular Retracts ear
Orbicularis palpebrarum Facial Closes eyelids
Corrugator supercilii Facial Draws eyebrows down and in
Tensor tarsi Facial Compresses puncta and lachrymal sac
Levator palpebrs superior Third Raises upper lid
Rectus superior (eye) Third Rotates eyeball upward
Rectus inferior (eye) Third Rotates eyeball downward
Rectus internus (eye) Third Rotates eyeball inward
Rectus externus (eye) Sixth Rotates eyeball outward
Obliquus superior (eye) Fourth Rotates eyeball down and out
Obliquus inferior (eye) Third Rotates eyeball up and out
Pyramidalis nasi Facial Depresses eyebrow
Levavator labii superioris alseque nasi Facial Elevates upper lip, dilates nostril.
Dilator naris posterior Facial Dilates nostril
Dilator naris anterior Facial  Dilates nostril
Compressor nasi Facial Contracts nostril
Compressor narium minor Facial Contracts nostril
Depressor alae nast Facial Contracts nostril
Levator labii superioris Facial Elevates upper lip
Levator anguli oris Facial Elevates angle of mouth
Zygomaticus major Facial Draws upper lip backward and upward
Zygomaticus minor Facial Draws upper lip backward and up-ward
Levator labii inferioris Facial Elevates lower lip
Depressor labii inferioris Facial Depresses lower lip
Depressor anguli oris Facial Depresses angle of mouth
Buccinator Inferior maxillary Compresses cheeks
Risorius Facial  Draws angle of mouth outward 
Orbicularis oris Facial  Closes mouth
Masseter Inferior maxillary Mastication, molars
Temporal Inferior maxillary Mastication, incisors
Pterygoedus externus Inferior maxillary Moves lower jaw forward
Pterygoidus internus Inferior maxillary Raises and advances inferior maxillary 
Neck
   
Platysma myoides Facial and superficial cervical Wrinkles skin and depresses mouth
Sterno-cleido-mastoid Spinal accessory and cervical plexus Depresses and rotates head
Sterno-hyoid  Descendens and communicans noni Depresses hyoid
Sterno-thyroid Descendens and communicaus noni Depresses larynx
Thyro-hyoid Hypoglossal Elevates larynx 
Omo-hyoid Descendens and communicans noni Depresses and retracts hyoid
Digastric Inferior dental (facial) Elevates hyoid and tongue
Stylo-hyoid Facial Elevates and retracts hyoid
Mylo-hyiod Inferior dental Elevates and advances hyoid, forms floor of mouth
Genio-hyoid Hypoglossal Elevates and advances hyoid
Genio-hyo-glossus Hypoglossal Retracts and protrudes tongue
Hyo-glossus Hypoglossal Depresses side of tongue
Lingualis Chorda tympani Elevates center of tongue 
Stylo-glossus Hypoglossal  Elevates and retracts tongue
Palato-glossus Meckel's ganglion  Draws base of tongue upward
Constrictor inferior Glosso-pharyngeal, pharyngeal plexus, and external and recurrent laryng'l. Contracts fauces
Constrictor medius Glosso-pharyngeal and glosso-pharyngeal plexus Contracts fauces
Constrictor superior Glosso-pharyngeal and pharyngeal plexus Contracts pharynx
Stylo-pharyngeus Glosso-pharyngeal and pharyngeal plexus Elevates pharynx
Palato-pharyngeus Heckel's ganglion Closes posterior nares
Levator palati Reckel's ganglion (facial) Elevates soft palate
Tensor palati Otic ganglion Renders palate tense
Azygos uvulae Heckel's ganglion (facial) Raises uvula
Rectus capitus anticus major Cervical plexus Flexes neck backward
Rectus capitus anticus minor Cervical plexus Flexes neck backward
Rectus lateralis Cervical plexus Moves head laterally
Longus colli Lower cervical Flexes cervical spine
Scalenus anticus Lower cervical Flexes neck laterally
Scalenus medius Lower cervical Flexes neck laterally
Scalenus posticus Lower cervical. Flexes neck laterally
Back
   
Trapezius Spinal accessory and cervical plexus Draws head backward and elevates shoulders
Latissimus dorsi Subscapular Draws arm backward and downward
Levator anguli scapulae Third and fourth cervical Elevates upper angle of scapula
Rhomboideus minor Fifth cervical Retracts and elevates scapula
Rhomboideus major Fifth cervical Elevates and retracts scapula
Serratus posticus superior Posterior branches of cervical Raises ribs in inspiration
Serratus posticus inferior Posterior branches of dorsal Depresses ribs in expiration
Splenius capitus et colli Posterior branches of cervical Rotates head and holds it erect
Splenius colli Posterior branches of cervical Rotates head and holds it erect
Erector spinae Lumbar and dorsal Holds spine erect
Sacro-lumbalis Branches of dorsal Erects trunk and flexes it backward
Musculus accessorius ad sacro-lumbalem Branches of dorsal Erects trunk and flexes it backward
Longissimus dorsi Branches of lumbar and dorsal Erects trunk and flexes it backward
Spinalis dorsi Dorsal branches Erects spinal column
Cervicalis ascendens Branches of cervical Holds head erect and raises upper ribs
Tranaversalis colli Branches of cervical Holds head erect
Trachelo-mastoid Branches of cervical Steadies head
Complexus Sub-occipital, great occipital, and branches of cervical Retracts and rotates head
Biventer cervicis (The same as for complexus) Retracts and rotates head
Semispinalis dorsi Branches of dorsal Erects spinal column
Semispinalis colli Cervical branches Erects spinal column
Multifidus spinae Posterior spinal branches Erects and rotates spinal column
Rotatores spinae Dorsal branches of spine Rotate spinal column
Supraspinales Posterior cervical Approximate spinous processes
Interspinales Posterior cervical Approximate spinous processes
Extensor coccygis Sacral branches Extends coccyx
Intertransversales Posterior spinal nerves Approximate transverse processes
Rectus capitis posticus major Sub. occipital Rotates head
Rectus capitis posticus minor Sub. occipital Draws head backward
Obliquus capitis superior Sub. occipital Draws head backward
Obliquus capitis inferior Sub. and great occipital Rotates head
Abdomen
   
Obliquus externus Intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio-in-guinal Compresses viscera and flexes thorax
Obliquus internus Intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio-in-guinal Compresses viscera and flexes thorax
Transversalis Intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio-in-guinal Compresses viscera and flexes thorax
Rectus abdominis Intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio-in-guinal Compresses viscera and flexes thorax
Pyramidalis Ilio-hypogastric Renders linea alba tense 
Quadratus lumborum Lumbar Flexes thorax laterally
Thorax
   
Intercostales externi Intercostal Depress ribs in expiration
Intercostales interni Intercostal Raise ribs in inspiration
Intracostales Intercostal Inspiration
Triangularis sterni Intercostal Expiration
Levatores costarum Intercostal Raise ribs
Diaphragm Phrenic Inspiration
Shoulder
   
Pectoralls major Anterior thoracic Draws arm down and forward
Pectoralis minor Anterior thoracic Depresses point of shoulder
Subclavius Fifth and sixth cervical Depresses shoulder
Serratus magnus Posterior thoracic Raises shoulder and elevates ribs in inspiration
Deltoid Circumflex Raises arm
Subscapularis Subscapular Rotates humerus inward
Supraspinatus Suprascapular Supports shoulder joint, raises arm
Infraspinatus Suprascapular Rotates humerus outward
Teres minor Circumflex Rotates humerus outward
Teres major Subscapular Draws arm down and back
Arm
   
Coraco-brachialis Musculo-cutaneous Draws arm forward and inward
Biceps Musculo-cutaneous Flexes and supinates forearm
Brachialis anticus Musculo-cutaneous, musculo-spiral Flexes forearm
Triceps Musculo-spiral Extends forearm
Subaneoneus Musculo-spiral Tensor of posterior ligament of elbow
Forearm
   
Pronator radii teres Median Pronates hand
Flexor carpi radialis Median Flexes wrist
Palmaris longus Median Tenses palmar fascia
Flexor carpi ulnaris Ulnar Flexes wrist
Flexor sublimus digitorum Median Flexes second phalanges
Flexor profundus digitorum Ulnar and anterior interosseus Flexes the phalanges
Flexor longus pollicis Anterior interosseus Flexes last phalanx of thumb
Pronator quadratus Anterior interosseus Pronates hand
Supinator longus Musculo-spiral Supinates hand
Extensor carpi radialis longior Musoulo-spiral Extends wrist
Extensor carpi radialis brevior Posterior interosseus Extends wrist
Extensor communis digitorum Posterior Interosseus Extends fingers
Extensor minimi digiti Posterior interosseus Extensor of little finger
Extensor carpi ulnaris Posterior interosseus Extends wrist
Anconeus Musculo-spiral Extends forearm
Supinator brevis Posterior interosseus Supinates hand
Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis Posterior interosseus Extends thumb
Extensor primi internodii pollicis Posterior interosseus Extends thumb
Extensor secundi internodii pollicis Posterior interosseus Extends thumb
Extensor indicis Posterior interosseus Extends index
Abductor pollicis Median Draws thumb from median line
Flexor ossis metacarpi pollicis (oppon). Median Flexes thumb
Flexor brevis pollicis Median and ulnar Flexes thumb
Hand
   
Adductor pollicis Ulnar Draws thumb to median line
Palmaris brevis Ulnar Corrugates skin of palm
Abductor minimi digiti Ulnar Abductor of little finger
Flexor brevis minimi digiti Ulnar Flexes little finger
Flexor minimi digiti (opponens) Ulnar Flexes little finger
Lumbricales Median and ulnar Flexes first phalanges and extend second and third
Interossel palmaris Ulnar Abduct fingers
Interossei dorsales Ulnar Abduct fingers, flex first phalanges, and extend second and third
Lower Extremity
   
Psoas magnus Lumbar Flexes and rotates thigh outward and flexes trunk on pelvis
Psoas parvus Lumbar Tensor of iliac fascia
Iliacus Anterior crural Flexes femur and rotates it outward
Hip
   
Gluteus maximus Small sciatic and sacral plexus Extends and abducts thigh and rotates it outward
Gluteus medius Superior gluteal Rotates outward and inward, abducts, extends, and flexes thigh
Gluteus minimus Superior gluteal Rotates outward and inward, abducts, extends, and flexes thigh
Pyriformis Sacral Rotates thigh outward, abducts it, and tilts pelvis forward
Gemellus superior Sacral Rotates thigh outward and abducts it
Obturator internus Sacral Rotates thigh outward and tilts pelvis forward
Gemellus inferior Sacral Rotates thigh outward and abducts it
Obturator externus Obturator Rotates thigh outward and tilts pelvis forward
Quadratus fernoris. Sacral Abducts thigh and rotates it outward
Biceps Great sciatic Flexes leg and rotates it outward
Semitendinosus Great sciatic Flexes leg on thigh, and rotates it in-ward
Semimembranosus Great sciatic Flexes leg and rotates it inward
Thigh
   
Tensor vaginae femoris Superior gluteal Tensor of fascia lata
Sartorius Anterior crural Flexes thigh and rotates it outward
Rectus femoris Anterior crural Extends leg
Vastus externus Anterior crural Extends leg
Vastus internus Anterior crural Extends leg
Crureus Anterior crural Extends leg
Quadriceps extensor (includes four preceding muscles)  
Subcrureus Anterior crural Acts with crureus
Gracilis Obturator Flexes and adducts thigh and rotates it outward
Pectineus Anterior crural, obturator Flexes and adducts thigh and rotates it outward
Adductor longus Obturator Adducts and flexes thigh
Adductor brevis Obturator Adducts and flexes thigh
Adductor magnus Obturator and great sciatic Adducts thigh and rotates it outward
Leg
   
Tibialis anticus Anterior tibial Flexes ankle aand elevates inner border of foot
Extensor longus digitorum Anterior tibial Extends toes and flexes ankle
Extensor proprius pollicis Anterior tibial Extends toes and flexes ankle
Peroneus tertius Anterior tibial Flexes tarsus and raises outer border of foot
Gastrocnemius Internal popliteal Extends foot
Plantaris Internal popliteal Tenses plantar fascia
Soleus Internal popliteal Extends foot
Popliteus Internal popliteal Flexes leg and rotates it inward
Flexor longus pollicis Posterior tibial Flexes great toe
Flexor longus digitorum Posterior tibial Flexes phalanges and extends foot
Tibialis posticus Posterior tibial Extends ankle and turns sole inward
Peroneus longus Musculo-cutaneous Extends and everts foot
Peroneus brevis Musculo-cutaneous Extends foot
Foot
   
Extensor brevis digitorum Anterior tibial Extends toes
Abductor pollicis Internal plantar Abducts great toe, flexes first phalanx, and extends second
Flexor brevis digitorum Internal plantar Flexes lesser toes
Abductor minimi digiti External plantar Abducts little toe
Flexor accessorius External plantar Accessory flexor of toes
Lumbricales Internal and external plantar Flex first phalanges and extend last two
Flexor brevis pollicis Internal plantar Flexes first phalanx of great toe and extends second
Adductor pollicis External plantar Adducts great toe and extends first and second phalanx
Flexor brevis minimi digiti External plantar Flexes first phalanx of little toe and extends second
Transversus pedis External plantar Adducts great toe
Interossei dorsal External plantar Abduct toes
Interossei External plantar Adduct toes
 
    The foregoing table has been arranged with much care and with special reference to the needs of thestudentof massage. It is believed to be the most complete and correct resume of the sort which has ever been published embodying, as it does, the results of the very latest studies and authoritative statements relating to the nerve supply and actions of the various muscles of the body. The student of massage who desires to place himself in the front rank of his profession as a masseur, will find it not only profitable, but essential, to make a careful study of this table, and to become familiar with the facts which it very succinctly presents.  The grouping of the muscles of the several regions of the body renders it convenient to study each section by itself, and by the aid of Plates V to X and XIII, it will not be found difficult to form a very correct idea of the precise location and outline of each particular muscle in the body, and of the origin and distribution of the nerve supply. Two hundred and seven different muscles or muscular groups are named in the table, by means of which one hundred and sixty-three different motor acts are performed.  It may not be absolutely essential that every one of these should be held constantly in the memory, but those muscles, at least, which constitute the largest fleshy masses of the body, should be thoroughly studied and familiarized.